The FCI (Fédération Cynologique Internationale), established in 1911, is the world’s largest kennel federation, with 98 member clubs and contract partners, primarily in Europe [18]. FCI doesn’t issue pedigrees itself but harmonises breed standards, ensures mutual recognition of pedigrees among member countries, oversees judging regulations, and enforces welfare-focused rules—like banning docking and emphasizing genetic health [18]. FCI works with national clubs—like France’s Société Centrale Canine or Germany’s VDH—to ensure consistent recording and adherence to standards. Breeding rights must be formally documented; registration of litters and proper identification are mandatory [1]. FCI also leads on broader issues. In 2025, it hosted online conferences tackling the illegal puppy trade, advocating for mandatory identification, traceable databases, and registry verification in online ad platforms [9]. Through FCI and aligned national federations, a common ethical and practical baseline emerges—this fosters trust, cross-border cooperation, and upholds dog welfare across Europe. References: FCI’s structure, breed standards, welfare policies [18] Rules on breeding documentation and registration obligations [1] FCI initiatives addressing illegal puppy trade, traceability [9]